Native cattle in the central region of China, also called yellow cattle, have undergone long-term artificial selection and natural selection, often leaving unique regions in the genome, which are considered important genetic resources due to their distinct characteristics. 2020).Ĭhina is rich in bovine species resources, and there are 55 native cattle breeds with distinct phenotypes (MacHugh et al. They are mainly distributed in the equatorial region and the Southern Hemisphere, mostly in South Asia, Southeast Asia, southern East Asia, and Africa (Utsunomiya et al. Indicine cattle are heat-resistant and drought-resistant and adapted to tropical and subtropical climates. Taurine cattle can adapt to temperate and cold climates, mainly in the Northern Hemisphere (Buggiotti et al. The geographical distribution pattern of domestic cattle in the world is very regular and closely related to the climate background. Domestic cattle are mainly divided into humpless taurine cattle ( Bos taurus taurus) and humped indicine cattle ( Bos taurus indicus) (Decker et al. Our results will help us understand the evolutionary history and ancestry components of Sanjiang cattle, which will provide a reference for resource conservation and selective breeding of Chinese native cattle.ĭomesticated cattle are the main livestock acting as a driving force in agriculture and transportation, playing a significant role in agricultural society. Taurine ancestry might contribute to meat quality, and indicine ancestry is more conducive to adaptation to hot climate conditions, making Sanjiang cattle a valuable genetic resource for the central region of China. Through ancestral fragment inference, selective sweep and transcriptomic analysis, we identified several genes linked to lipid metabolism, immune regulation, and stress reactions across the mosaic genome of Sanjiang cattle showing an excess of taurine or indicine ancestry. We characterized the genomic diversity and breed formation process of Sanjiang cattle and found that Sanjiang cattle have a mixed ancestry of indicine (55.6%) and taurine (33.2%) dating to approximately 30 generations ago, which has shaped the genome of Sanjiang cattle. ![]() Here, we sequenced 10 Sanjiang cattle genomes and compared them to the 70 genomes of 5 representative populations worldwide. ![]() ![]() However, the genetic history of the successful breed remains unknown. Sanjiang cattle, a typical breed in the central region, play a central role in human livelihood and have good adaptability, including resistance to dampness, heat, roughage, and disease, and are thus regarded as an important genetic resource. The majority of native cattle are taurine × indicine cattle of diverse phenotypes in the central region of China.
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